Paraffin sections of mouse and rat kidney were stained with a battery of ten lectin‐horseradish peroxidase conjugates and lectin binding was correlated with the ultrastructural distribution of periodate‐reactive sugar residues as determined by the periodic acid‐thiocarbohydrazide‐silver proteinate technique. Various segments of the uriniferous tubule in both species showed differential affinity for labelled lectins. Significant differences were also evident between comparable tubular segments in mouse and rat kidneys. Neutral glycoconjugates containing terminal β‐galactose and terminal α‐N‐acetylgalactosamine were prevalent on the luminal surface of the proximal convoluted tubule in the rat, but α‐N‐acetylgalactosamine was absent in this site in the mouse. In both species, terminal N‐acetylglucosamine was abundant in the brush border of proximal straight tubules but absent in proximal convolutions. Fucose was demonstrated in both proximal and distal segments of mouse kidney tubules but only in the distal nephron and collecting ducts in the rat. Lectin staining revealed striking heterogeneity in the structure and distribution of cellular glycoconjugates. Such cellular heterogeneity was previously unrecognizable with earlier histochemical methods. The marked cellular heterogeneity observed with several lectin‐conjugates in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of both species raises a prospect that lectins can provide specific markers for intercalated and principal cells in the mammalian kidney. Glycoconjugates containing terminal sialic acid and penultimate β‐galactose were present on vascular endothelium in both rodent kidneys, as were terminal α‐galactose residues; but both species lacked reactivity for Ulex europeus I lectin in contrast to human vascular endothelial cells. The constant binding pattern of lectin conjugates allows convenient and precise differentiation of renal tubular segments and should prove valuable in the study of changes in kidney morphology promoted by experimental manipulation or pathologic changes.